—Drew Dickinson (Mentor: Lawrence C. Reardon)

Abstract

美国的国债有可能影响到这个国家的每一个公民和居民,因为金融影响几乎涉及到日常生活的方方面面. 这可能是从联邦层面的增税到对政府提供的项目的下游影响, like social security. 当政府支出超过税收收入并在联邦层面上贷款时,国家债务就会累积. 这些贷款有利息,这增加了政府所欠的金额. The more money owed through loans, the more interest, and the further in the red the nation becomes financially. A somewhat partisan political issue, the national debt is frequently in the news cycle, especially in periods when the national debt ceiling, or maximum debt allowed, is reached or close to being reached.

其中一些债务是由美国国内的实体持有的, 例如社会保障局或其他政府组织. Foreign or external debt, on the other hand, is debt held by an entity, like a nation, that is outside the United States. 财政部或其他国内机构内部持有的债务与外部持有的债务有着明显不同的影响, 很大程度上是因为持有债务的国家或实体规定了不同的利率.

Through a capstone-level political science course, International Political Economy, 我能够研究外部和内部持有的债务对美国整体债务的影响. I used the time period of approximately 2008–2018 as a case study. 由于经济从2008年的衰退中复苏,这段时间的债务成本被放大了, 政府试图通过额外的刺激支出来减轻其影响. 以这一时期为例,可以看出当时美国严重依赖外债,支出大于收入, leading to significant financial deficits for the nation (ECLAC, 2023). 2008年至2018年期间,美国债务总额增加了约12万亿美元, 几乎是2008年国债的两倍(财政数据解释国债), 2023) ).

Research Methods

我的研究是从分析美国持有的国债类型开始的, and its impact on US society. 我使用定性和定量数据完成了一个全面的分析, largely through a literature review of a variety of sources, including US Treasury and government files, scholarly journals, and think tank reports. 我还确定了美国债务的趋势,以及其他国家对美国外债的看法随时间的变化.

在我的案例研究期间,美国国家债务结构的一个主要部分是高息外债的影响, 哪些资产以证券的形式持有,用于政府的自由支配开支. Many such debts were acquired during the post–World War II era, also known as the Bretton Woods era, from 1944 to 1973. During this time, 美国通过布雷顿森林协定向重建和发展中国家提供贷款, 目的是使美元成为国际货币. 这是通过将其他国家的黄金以固定汇率兑换成美元来实现的. 这种贷款的结构是为了促进美国与其他国家的关系,但却使美国在承担债务时面临风险. While gold is a tangible asset, 这一交换过程意味着对美国债务产生了负面影响. The willingness to trade dollars for gold led to US hegemony, or international dominance, through the formation of an international trade system. 这种主导地位在很大程度上是围绕着通过使用美元(美元)为贸易提供中心货币的能力构建的.S. Department of State, 2019).

By using sources such as “The Economic Consequences of Rising U.S. Government Debt,,以及来自拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会的数据, 我能够分析2010年代国债和外债水平之间的潜在相关性和因果关系.

The “Economic Consequences of Rising U.S. Government Debt” article was published in a German financial journal, FinanzArchiv, which focuses on the impacts of public finance on Germany. 通过咨询这一消息来源,我们可以从一个有趣的外部视角来看待美国债务对世界其他地区的危害. 来自拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)的数据, released in 2023, was effectively a report done on the economic conditions of the world, 重点研究经济因素对拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的财政影响. 这份报告很重要,因为它的金融数据显示,海外持有的高息外债对美国产生了负面影响. 该报告包含与美国有关的债务信息,以及在我的案例研究期间持有美国外债的所有国家.

From this data, I looked for trends of who was holding the US external debt, what the cost of the debt was, and how much debt was held over time. With the information from these sources, 随着时间的推移,我研究了外债对美国国债总量的影响. 这些来源被用来确定在这段时间内通过减少外债的手段减少美国国债总额的潜力,以及这种方法是否可行.

Results

这个研究项目加深了我对债务如何运作以及为什么债务与美国和国际经济相关的理解. One key finding was that foreign debts, and external debts in general, 通常比国家内部持有的债务利率更高, such as the United States. My research revealed that in the 2010s, 美国的国债主要由两个国家持有, Japan and China. However, 这些国家减少了他们所持有的美国债务,大约是这两个国家持有的总和的35%, 减少了当时美国国家债务总额的约7%(拉加经委会), 2023). 这段时间的减持发生在2008年金融危机之后, and continued through the end of the study period, 2018.

日本和中国这样做是为了避免潜在的金融陷阱风险, 比如美国自经济衰退以来就拖欠贷款. 此次撤资是通过进一步减少金融投资来完成的, which led to these securities being held internally by the U.S. 我的研究表明,日本或中国等国持续投资的减少与国家债务的减少并不必然相关, something I was surprised to learn. 这是因为这些国家并没有完全消除债务, but instead were reducing the amount of debt they held. 这意味着美国债务转移到了其他地方,主要是国内资产. 内债的利率与外债不同,因为内债的对象是政府本身,而不是外部实体. Additionally, 内部持有的债务更多地集中在仅用于维持政府自身运作的贷款上.

However, 对美国来说,在国内持有更大比例的债务是明智之举, because between 2013 and 2018, 美国外债利息约为1030亿美元(拉加经委会), 2023). 这1030亿欧元实际上是外部持有债务的成本,比内部持有同样数量债务的成本更高. 在研究期间,这种从外部债务到内部债务的逐渐转变应该对整体债务产生积极影响,因为政府本身持有的内部债务的利率通常较低. As is true of most debts, 减少高息债务是降低债务本身总成本的潜在解决方案, that cost being the economic burden that the debt carries.

虽然在我的案例研究期间,美国的国债并没有因为外债的减少而减少, long term, 美国实体对美国境内持有的债务拥有更大程度的控制,将对我们的整体债务产生积极影响. The United States in its current state is reliant on debt to function, in part to retain its status as a global hegemon. 社会保障和医疗保险/医疗补助等项目承担了大部分债务负担, 因为它们是向政府提供资金的项目,这样政府才能发挥必要的职能. This causes burdens on these programs, 因为他们把钱借给政府,而不是投资给纳税人.

Conclusion

Reduction of the US national debt is a hot topic in many circles, 如何或是否应该削减债务的答案有待讨论. 我的研究表明,2010年代的美国并没有一个减少外债和/或整体国债的特定目标. 这一点在这一时期为减缓经济衰退而迅速增加的国家债务中得到了证明. While foreign debt was reduced during this time, 在2010年代,它对美国整体国债没有产生重大影响. 这就是研究问题的不确定答案出现的原因.

重要的是要注意,随着通货膨胀的发生,外债的相对成本也会增加. In the time period of my case study, this was not a significant issue, but in the post-pandemic era, 如果出现严重的国际经济通货膨胀,这种情况出现问题的可能性要大得多. 总体后果是,美国经济正朝着减少对外债依赖的方向努力,并试图不被高息外债所压倒. The national debt is currently escalating at a record pace, and internal discretionary spending may be the culprit. Coming into the election cycle post-Covid, 认识到美国巨额债务对公众的潜在影响是非常重要的. From this research, I have gained knowledge on political questions, and the way that the economy, especially national debt, does not follow as linear of a path as I originally expected.

 

I would like to thank my mentor, Dr. Reardon, 谢谢你指导我完成这个项目,并帮助我提出一个可行的研究计划. I would also like to thank my friend Dylan Cordle, who kept me on track, reviewed my work, and aided me when I needed it during the research process.

 

References

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. “Trends and Major Holders of U.S. Federal Debt.出版物|拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会. CEPAL, January 23, 2023. http://www.cepal.org/en/publications/44595-trends-and-major-holders-us….

“Fiscal Data Explains the National Debt.” 2023. Fiscaldata.treasury.gov. 2023. http://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/national-debt/#:~:text=Over%20the%20past%20100%20years.

US Department of State. 2019. “The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944.” State.gov. 2019. http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwii/98681.htm.

 

Drew Dickinson

Author and Mentor Bios

Drew Dickinson, from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 他于2023年5月毕业于澳门葡京网赌游戏,获得政治学学位. His research was completed for a political science capstone course, International Political Economy, with Lawrence C. Reardon. 德鲁之所以对这个问题感兴趣,是因为国债的政治性质,以及他自己对外债重要性的疑问. 然而,他的研究结果与他最初的假设不同, Drew found the research process rewarding. He decided to submit the piece to Inquiry 在他的导师对他所做的研究表现出如此的信心之后. 德鲁计划继续他的教育,获得政治学硕士学位,并继续提出问题, especially if the answers are different from what he expected.

Dr. Lawrence C. Reardon 是政治学教授,自1991年以来一直在澳门葡京网赌游戏任教. 他专门研究国际关系,重点关注大中华地区. This research brief came from Drew’s capstone project for Dr. Reardon’s seminar course on international political economy. 他认为指导本科生研究人员是他最重要的任务之一,并至少与另一个人合作过 Inquiry author, Susannah Pratt. 他特别欣赏与德鲁一起工作的是他对科学方法重要性的理解. 德鲁的论文测试了一个最终无法证明的假设. 他认为,美国的内部债务是一个比外部债务更重要的因素,这是一个相关的发现. 这是中国目前面临的一个问题,其国内债务非常庞大, especially at the local levels, 而在“一带一路”倡议下借给外国人的1万亿美元贷款在国内也可能出现问题.

 

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